Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of resin infiltration in preventing in vitro lesion progression. Materials and Methods: Buccal surfaces of bovine incisors were divided into mesial and distal regions and, at the center, nail varnish was applied (1.0 mm width) to protect the enamel surface against any further treatment. In order to create artificial enamel lesions in the unprotected areas, each specimen was soaked in a demineralizing solution. After that, specimens had two enamel lesions. One lesion in each sample was etched with 15% HCl for 120 s and infiltrated with a commercial infiltrating resin for 3 min, while the other lesion was not treated (control). Each specimen was cross-sectionally halved and randomly allocated to two groups: Group 1 was immediately processed and Group 2 was submitted to a new demineralization process. The samples were analyzed by means of cross-sectional hardness measurements using a nanoindenter equipment. Hardness data were statistically analyzed by non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and MannWhitney tests (α = 0.05). Results: The findings showed statistical difference between treatments at the same analyzed distance range from the outer surface of the enamel (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The untreated lesion showed lower hardness values for distances near the outer surface of the enamel. The resin infiltration was efficient in preventing further in vitro demineralization of bovine enamel lesions.

Introduction: Gonial angle is an important parameter of the craniofacial complex giving an indication about the vertical parameters and symmetry of the facial skeleton. Both orthopantomogram (OPG) and lateral cephalograms can be used for the measurement of gonial angle. Because of the superimpositions seen on lateral cephalograms, reliable measurement of the gonial angle becomes difficult. The aim of the present study is to check the possible application and reliability of OPG for gonial angle determination by clarifying whether there is any significant difference between the determination of gonial angle from OPG and cephalogram. Materials and Methods: Gonial angle measurements were made on lateral cephalograms and orthopantomograms of 98 patients - 44 males (mean age 25.9 years) and 54 females (mean age 21.3 years), and compared using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: One-way analysis of variance demonstrated no significant differences between the values of gonial angles determined by lateral cephalogram and panoramic radiography. Pearson correlation showed a high correlation between cephalometric and OPG gonial angle value. Conclusion: Panoramic radiography can be used to determine the gonial angle as accurately as a lateral cephalogram. For determination of the gonial angle, an OPG may be a better choice than a lateral cephalogram as there are no interferences due to superimposed images of anatomical structures as in a lateral cephalogram. Thus, the present study substantiates the possibility of enhancing the clinical versatility of the panoramic radiograph, which is an indispensable tool for dental diagnosis.

Background and Objective: The current dental restorative concepts are characterized by an increased effort towards a less invasive treatment of carious lesions. Minimally invasive cavity preparation techniques are intended to preserve as much sound enamel and dentin as possible, during the treatment of carious lesions. The objective of this in vitro study is to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of single-etch adhesives (Adper Easy one) on caries-affected dentin, following three different caries removal techniques, namely, Carisolv, Conventional carbide bur at slow speed, and aqueous calcium hydroxide. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 teeth were divided into three groups and arranged with 10 samples in each group - round bur (Group A), Carisolv (Group B), Aqueous calcium hydroxide (Group C). Following caries excavation by using the three above -mentioned techniques, application of the bonding agent and composite buildup was done. Following sectioning of the samples with the help of a hard tissue microtome, Group A, B, and C were again trimmed into an hour-glass shape, maintaining a width of 1.2 mm in the center of an hour glass. These were debonded under a microtensile load at failure, using the Instron Universal Testing Machine. Results: There was a significantly lower microtensile bond strength in the group where the caries was removed by the round bur, as compared to the group where the caries was removed by using Carisolv and calcium hydroxide, which showed higher microtensile bond strength, that is, the significant pairing of Groups were Group A to Group B and Group A to Group C, exhibiting statistically significant difference with a P < 0.001. However, there was no statistically significant difference between Group B and Group C. Interpretation and Conclusion: Carisolv and aqueous calcium hydroxide have proven to be good methods of caries removal for achieving a higher microtensile bond strength of the single-bottle self-etch adhesive on dentin.

Background: Various treatment modalities have been devised for gingival recession, which is one of the most common signs of periodontal disease. The present study evaluates the efficacy of bioresorbable 100% type I collagen membrane of bovine origin in the treatment of human gingival recession. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases of Miller's class I or class II localized gingival recession defects on the facial surface were treated with 100% type I collagen membrane of bovine origin in conjunction with coronally positioned flap. Pre-operative and post-operative assessments were performed with respect to probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level and clinical recession at 12, 24 and 36 weeks. The data thus collected were analyzed statistically. Results: Statistically significant improvement based on Student's "t" test was found in all the three clinical parameters. Conclusion: Bioresorbable 100% type I collagen membrane of bovine origin has given inspiring results in the treatment of human gingival recession defects, thereby justifying the use of this material wherever indicated.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical and radiographic presentation of fibrous dysplasia through an 8-year retrospective study in patients who reported to the outpatient unit of the Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad. Materials and Methods: The clinical file records and radiographs of the patients who reported to the outpatient clinic in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology were retrospectively reviewed for histopathologically diagnosed fibrous dysplasia. A detailed analysis of the clinical and radiographic features of the 14 cases retrieved was carried out. Results: Almost all the patients presented with a complaint of swelling on the side of the face. The maxilla was more frequently involved than the mandible. The most common radiographic pattern observed was the ground-glass appearance, followed by orange peel, cotton wool, sunray and thumb print appearance, which leads to a perplex differential diagnosis. Conclusion: Awareness of the versatile features of fibrous dysplasia evident through this study is essential in the accurate diagnosis and proper treatment planning of such lesions.

Background: The medical profession has been included in the Consumer Protection Act (CPA), to protect the interests of the patients in case of any unethical treatment rendered by the doctor. The present systematic review was conducted to assess the knowledge and awareness of CPA among dental professionals in India. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of relevant cross-sectional observational studies was conducted regarding the level of knowledge and awareness of CPA among dental professionals in India. Five studies out of 44 were finally included in the present review, after conducting both an electronic and manual search of scientific databases. The potential biases were reported and appropriate data was extracted by the concerned investigators. Results: More than 90% of the study subjects in one of the studies were aware of the CPA, as compared to other studies. In two studies, when queried about the correct time period during which a patient can sue a doctor, very few subjects (18 and 23.2%) answered correctly. Almost 90% of the subjects were taking some form of consent in one of the studies. Private practitioners had more awareness as compared to academicians and combined practitioners. Conclusion: The results of the present review showed that a majority of the subjects were aware of the existence of CPA, but knowledge about the basic rules and regulations was lacking in a few studies. Therefore, dental professionals need to keep themselves updated on the various rules and latest amendments to save themselves from any litigation.

The main objective of root canal treatment is thorough cleaning and shaping of the entire pulp space and its complete filling with an inert filling material. A major cause of post-treatment disease is the inability to locate, debride or adequately fill all canals of the root canal system. The form, configuration, and number of root canals in the maxillary first molars have been discussed for more than half a century. Maxillary first molars commonly present with three roots and three canals, with a second mesiobuccal canal (MB2) also present. With the advent of improved magnification there are reports of multiple root canals in the maxillary first molars. Nonsurgical endodontic therapy of a left maxillary first molar with three roots and seven root canals was successfully performed under a dental operating microscope. The diagnosis of multiple root canals was confirmed with the help of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images.

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is a carcinoma arising from a primary or recurrent benign pleomorphic adenoma. It often poses a diagnostic challenge to clinicians and pathologists. The entity is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Pathological assessment is the gold standard for making the diagnosis. Treatment for CXPA often involves an ablative surgical procedure, which may be followed by radiotherapy. We report a case of a 65-year-old lady with a history of recurrent swelling in the left preauricular region and a history of surgery 10 years back, in the same region. Preoperatively, a diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland metastasizing to the cervical lymph node was made, but postoperatively it was reported as CXPA adenoma of the parotid gland. A radical parotidectomy involving en bloc resection of the facial nerve along with deep and superficial lobes of the parotid was performed followed by radiotherapy. The fact that pleomorphic adenomas are classified as benign tumors should not overshadow the wide range of biological behaviors associated with these tumors. On account of the potential for malignant transformation, surgical treatment must be properly performed. Surgery followed by radiotherapy should be considered as the standard care for a patient with carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.

A patient with a large periapical lesion in relation to the maxillary right central and lateral incisors is presented here. During the conservative root canal treatment, aspiration of the fluid was done through the root canal, followed by placement of triple antibiotic paste for two weeks. Complete periapical healing was observed at the 24-month recall. This report confirms that for treatment of a large periapical lesion it is not always necessary to do surgical treatment and even cyst-like periapical lesions heal following conservative endodontic therapy.

Segmental neurofibromatosis is a rare disorder, characterized by neurofibromas or cafι-au-lait macules limited to one region of the body. Its occurrence on the face is extremely rare and only few cases of segmental neurofibromatosis over the face have been described so far. We present a case of segmental neurofibromatosis involving the buccal mucosa, tongue, cheek, ear, and neck on the right side of the face.